1. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2019). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on February 12, 2021.

  2. Partnership to Fight Chronic Disease. What is the Impact of Chronic Disease on Hawaiʻi? https://www.fightchronicdisease.org/sites/default/files/download/PFCD_HI_FactSheet_FINAL1.pdf. Accessed May 21, 2021.

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics—Stats of the State of Hawaiʻi. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/hawaii/hawaii.htm. Accessed May 21, 2021

  4. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2018). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on November 20, 2020.

  5. McGuire, S. (2012). Institute of Medicine. 2012. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Advances in Nutrition, 3(5), 708–709. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.002733

  6. Sentell T, Choi SY, Ching L, Quensell M, Keliikoa LB, Corriveau É, et al. Prevalence of Selected Chronic Conditions Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in Acute Care Settings in Hawaiʻi. Prev Chronic Dis 2020;17:190448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.19044

  7. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Youth Risk Behavior Survey Module. (2017). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on November 20, 2020.

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51(14), 300-3. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5114a2.htm. Accessed May 21, 2021.

  9. Mokdad, A. H., Marks, J. S., Stroup, D. F., & Gerberding, J. L. (2004). Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. JAMA, 291(10), 1238–1245. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.10.1238

  10. Torres, K. Y. (2010). Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control, 3rd Edition. Preventing Chronic Disease, 8(1), Article 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044036/

  11. U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Hawaiʻi population characteristics 2019. Retrieved from https://census.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Hawaii-Population-Characteristics-2019.pdf

  12. Holmes, J.H., Tootoo, J.L., Chosy, J.E., Bowie, A.Y., Starr, R.R. Examining Variation in Life Expectancy Estimates by ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) in Hawaiʻi’s Four Main Counties, 2008-2012. Preventing Chronic Disease Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy 15(E114), 1-3.

  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An Investment in America’s Health. (2013). https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/pdfs/investment_americas_health.pdf. Accessed May 21, 2021.

  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most Recent Asthma State and Territory Data. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data_states.htm. Accessed Mar 24, 2020

  15. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2018). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on April 3, 2020

  16. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. (2007). Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/media/docs/asthsumm.pdf. Accessed May 21, 2021.

  17. Hawaiʻi Health Information Corporation (2016).

  18. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2016). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on April 3, 2020

  19. American Lung Association. (2017). Medicaid Coverage of Asthma Self-Management Education: A Ten-State Analysis of Services, Providers and Settings. https://www.lung.org/getmedia/f78229bf-64fd-421a-97c4-ea355f6b9314/medicaid-coverage-of-asthma-self-management-education.pdf.pdf. Accessed October 26, 2020.

  20. University of Hawaiʻi Cancer Center. Hawaiʻi Cancer at a Glance 2012-2016. https://www.uhcancercenter.org/pdf/htr/Hawaii%20Cancer%20at%20a%20Glance%202012_2016.pdf. Accessed May 21, 2021

  21. Alcaraz, K. I., Wiedt, T. L., Daniels, E. C., Yabroff, K. R., Guerra, C. E., & Wender, R. C. (2020). Understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer health equity in the United States: A blueprint for practice, research, and policy. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21586

  22. Tsark, J. U., & Braun, K. L. (2009). Eyes on the Pacific: Cancer Issues of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Hawaiʻi and the US-Associated Pacific. Journal of Cancer Education : The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education, 24(Suppl 2), S68–S69. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914228/

  23. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2018). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on April 24, 2020.

  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics Report 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf-statistics-report.pdf. Accessed May 21, 2021.

  25. Healthy Resources and Services Administration. Hawaiʻi Health Center Data. https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/data-reporting/program-data/state/HI#fn13. Accessed November 21, 2020.

  26. American Diabetes Association. Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. (2018). Diabetes Care, 41(5), 917–928. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/5/917. Accessed May 21, 2021.

  27. American Diabetes Association. The Burden of Diabetes in Hawaiʻi. http://main.diabetes.org/dorg/PDFs/Advocacy/burden-of-diabetes/hawaii.pdf. Accessed October 26, 2020

  28. Uchima O, Wu YY, Browne C, Braun KL. “Disparities in Diabetes Prevalence Among Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders and Asians in Hawaiʻi.” Prev Chronic Dis 2019;16:180-187.

  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Risk Factors. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/risk-factors.html. Accessed March 24, 2020

  30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart Disease and Stroke. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/heart-disease-stroke.htm. Accessed October 7, 2020.

  31. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Hawaiʻi’s Indicator Based Information System, “Why It’s Important”. http://ibis.hhdw.org/ibisph-view/topic/CVD.html. Accessed on May 21, 2021.

  32. American Heart Association. Heart on the Hill—February 2017. https://www.heart.org/en/get-involved/advocate/heart-on-the-hill/heart-on-the-hill-february-2017. Accessed November 21, 2020

  33. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2017). http://hawaiihealthmatters.org. Accessed on December 15, 2020.

  34. Hawaiʻi Health Matters: Indicators: All Data. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from http://www.hawaiihealthmatters.org/indicators/index/view?indicatorId=5681&localeId=14

  35. Hawaiʻi Health Matters: Indicators: Hyperlipidemia: Medicare Population: State: Hawaiʻi. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from http://www.hawaiihealthmatters.org/indicators/index/view?indicatorId=2061&localeId=14

  36. Hawaiʻi Health Matters: Indicators: Hypertension: Medicare Population: State: Hawaiʻi. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from http://www.hawaiihealthmatters.org/indicators/index/view?indicatorId=2063&localeId=14

  37. American Heart Association (2017). Cardiovascular Disease: A Costly Burden for America Projections Through 2035. https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/get-involved/advocacy/burden-report-consumer-report.pdf?la=en

  38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Covid-19—People at Increased Risk And Other People Who Need to Take Extra Precautions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/index.html. Accessed February 11, 2020

  39. National Institutes of Health (NIH). (1998). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report. Bethesda, MD: NIH

  40. World Health Organization (WHO). (1999). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO.

  41. Dietz, W. H. (1998). Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics, 101(3 Pt 2), 518–525.

  42. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2018). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on March 23, 2020.

  43. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Youth Risk Behavior Survey Module. (2017). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on March 25, 2020.

  44. Trogdon, J. G., Finkelstein, E. A., Feagan, C. W., & Cohen, J. W. (2012). State- and payer-specific estimates of annual medical expenditures attributable to obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 20(1), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.169.

  45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight & Obesity—Strategies to Prevent Obesity. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/index.html. Accessed March 24, 2020.

  46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Healthy Schools—Physical Activity Facts. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/facts.htm. Accessed March 24, 2020.

  47. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2017). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on March 23, 2020.

  48. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. The Toll of Tobacco in the United States. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/problem/toll-us. Accessed May 21, 2021

  49. United States Surgeon General. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking — 50 Years of progress: A Report of the Surgeon General: (510072014-001) [Data set]. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/e510072014-001

  50. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. The Toll of Tobacco in Hawaiʻi. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/problem/toll-us/hawaii. Accessed May 21, 2021.

  51. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (1997 and 2018). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on October 26, 2020.

  52. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2018). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on October 26, 2020.

  53. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Health Data Warehouse. Youth Risk Behavior Survey. (2017). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on October 26, 2020.

  54. Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, Hawaiʻi Data Warehouse: Youth Risk Behavior Survey. (2019). http://hhdw.org. Accessed on May 21, 2021.

  55. Vital-Statistics_Leading-Causes-of-Deaths_IND_000221.pdf. (n.d.). Accessed on December 15, 2020, from http://hhdw.org/wp-content/uploads/Vital-Statistics_Leading-Causes-of-Deaths_IND_000221.pdf

  56. Heron, M. (n.d.). Deaths: Leading Causes for 2017. 77.

  57. Explore Health Measures in Hawaiʻi | 2020 Annual Report. (n.d.). America’s Health Rankings. Accessed on December 15, 2020, from https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/Overall_a/state/HI

  58. Felix, H., Narcisse, M.-R., Rowland, B., Long, C. R., Bursac, Z., & McElfish, P. A. (2019). Level of Recommended Heart Attack Knowledge among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Adults in the United States. Hawaiʻi Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 78(2), 61–65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6369889/